FAQs • Sweetwater Authority, CA • CivicEngage

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About PFAS and Water Quality

1. What are PFAS and where do they come from? How did PFAS end up in our water? Why are we hearing about it now?

PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are synthetic chemicals found in various everyday products, including firefighting foams, nonstick cookware and waterproof clothing. These "forever chemicals" are resistant to breaking down and can persist in the environment for long periods of time.

PFAS can accumulate in soil and water due to their widespread use and persistence. They can enter water sources through runoff from industrial activities, the use of consumer products, and/or firefighting foam used at airports and military sites. Over time, they build up in the environment.

PFAS were introduced into consumer products starting in the 1940s and 1950s, however they were not regulated until much later. The reason we are hearing about PFAS in our water now is due to advancements in scientific detection methods, which have enabled us to identify even trace levels of these chemicals.

We are committed to transparency and regularly testing for PFAS in our water. We will comply with both state and federal requirements for PFAS testing and notification. Test results are made available to our customers through official notices and posted on our website. To learn more about PFAS, you can visit the CDC’s Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry website here or the EPA’s website here.

2. We have several sources of water in Sweetwater Authority service area: the reservoirs, the wells, and the desal plant? Are they all affected by this?: No, this presentation specifically refers to the treated water from Sweetwater Reservoir. Under UCMR 5, Sweetwater Authority is required to sample the “entry point” to the distribution system from each of our water treatment facilities because that’s the treated water that is being delivered directly to the public. Sweetwater Authority operates three water treatment facilities, and the data presented tonight was specific for the Perdue Water Treatment Plant located in Spring Valley. The Perdue Water Treatment Plant treats 100% water from the Sweetwater Reservoir. Sweetwater Authority also has two groundwater sources: the Richard A. Reynolds Groundwater Desalination Facility and our National City wells in northern National City. Those facilities are also required to be monitored at the entry point to the distribution system. PFAS has not been detected at the entry point to the distribution system on those sources. This is specifically for the Perdue Water Treatment Plant.

3. Who is responsible for PFAS contamination? Is Sweetwater Authority pursuing legal action against the manufacturers of PFAS?

PFAS is a widespread issue, and pinpointing specific sources can be challenging. It is currently unknown where the PFAS contamination comes from. We remain open to pursuing avenues that may help mitigate the impact on our community.

Sweetwater Authority has settled with some PFAS manufacturers for money to contend with the PFAS in the system in the multidistrict litigation against the PFAS manufacturers. The Authority has currently settled with 3M, DuPont, Tyco and BASF. The Authority has also filed lawsuits against other manufacturers who have not yet settled outstanding claims and who contributed to the introduction of PFAS into the environment and the Authority’s water supply

4. Should people be eating fish caught at Sweetwater Reservoir? Does the EPA regulate that? Or is that a different agency?: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Department of Drinking Water (DDW) don’t provide any guidance related to posting notices about fish and wildlife in reservoirs. With this established, the EPA has developed unenforceable water quality criteria and informal benchmarks to help states and authorized Tribes protect aquatic ecosystems from several PFAS. The levels of PFAS found in the reservoir are much lower than either the acute or chronic water quality benchmarks. These criteria can be found at www.epa.gov/wqc/pfas-and-aquatic-life.

5. How will I know if there is PFAS in my drinking water?

We are committed to transparency and regularly testing for PFAS in our water. We will comply with both state and federal requirements for PFAS testing and notification. Test results will be made available to our customers through official notices and posted on our website at www.sweewater.org/PFAS. Here are additional ways for you to get involved:

You can:

Attend a meeting: public meeting, Community Advisory Work Group, etc.
Sign up for our email list.
Call us at our dedicated phone line (619) 409-6786 · Email us at PFAS@sweetwater.org.

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Capacity Fee FAQs

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1. What is my Capacity Fee based on?: The Capacity Fee is based on projected water use in gallons per day (GPD).

2. How was the current Capacity Fee derived?: All Capacity Fees must follow Government Code section 66000, commonly known as the “Mitigation Fee Act.” The fee is determined in the 2021 Water Capacity Fee Report (Capacity Study) by dividing the total net assets of the Authority’s system by the quantity of equivalent dwelling units (EDUs). The Capacity Study lists the value of total assets, minus debt service, as $280,878,078. This number is divided by 51,178, the number of EDUs in Sweetwater Authority, for a value of $5,490 per EDU.

3. When was the Capacity Fee last changed?: The Capacity Fee last changed in July 2021 and was decreased based on updated fees developed in the 2021 Water Capacity Fee Report.

4. What is an EDU?: An Equivalent Dwelling Unit, or EDU, is a unit that relates all residential, commercial, and industrial water use to a typical single-family residential unit.

5. What is the average use in gallons per day (GPD) in the Sweetwater Authority service area?

A table showing the average use in the service area at the time the last Capacity Fee study was completed (2021) is presented below.

Type of Use	GPD	% of Base EDU
Single Family Residential	297	100%
Mobile Home	107	36%
Apartment/Multi-Family	165	56%
Commercial/Industrial	297	100%

6. I’m building a new home. What will my Capacity Fee be?: The current Capacity Fee for a single-family residence is $5,490.

7. I’m building a new home with an accessory unit, but only want 1 water service. What will my Capacity Fee be?: An ADU added to the site of an existing or proposed single-family dwelling shall be charged an Authority capacity fee that is proportional to the burden of the proposed ADU based upon the number of its fixture units.

8. I’m adding an accessory dwelling unit to an existing single family residence. What will my Capacity Fee be?: The Capacity Fee for the accessory dwelling unit will be proportional to the burden of the proposed ADU based upon the number of its fixture units unless it meets any of the exemptions listed in the Authority’ Rates and Rules.

9. Do I still need to furnish plumbing fixture unit count with my plan submittal to Sweetwater Authority since you charge Capacity Fees based on gallons per day?: Yes. The plumbing fixture unit count is necessary to verify service lateral and meter sizes.

10. I’m constructing a 10 unit condominium project on a vacant parcel. What will my Capacity Fee be?: The Capacity Fee will be $5,490 x 56% ($3,050) x 10 EDUs = $30,500.

11. I’m redeveloping a Single Family Dwelling into a 4-unit attached townhouse with a separate irrigation meter, using the existing water service for irrigation. What will my Capacity Fee be?: The Capacity Fee will be $5,490 x 56% ($3,050) x 4 EDUs = $12,200 for the 4 units, $5,490 for the irrigation service, less a credit of $5,490 for the existing dwelling unit, which will be reclassified as an irrigation meter. The total Capacity Fee will therefore be $12,200.

12. I have 2 existing residences in a duplex on my property currently being served by a single water meter, and plan to add another water meter so each house can be billed separately. Is there a fee?: There is no Capacity Fee. The Capacity Fee only applies to new demand on the water system.

13. How will the Capacity Fee be determined for commercial buildings?: The projected demand (in gallons per day) as provided by the owner/developer is divided by 297 gallons per day to establish the number of equivalent dwelling units (EDUs). The resulting number of EDUs is then multiplied by the base Capacity Fee of $5,490 to determine the total Capacity Fee for the projected demand. In the absence of a projected demand, the Authority can use historical data to estimate demand based on water use type.

14. I have a Single-Family Dwelling and I plan to add 2 ADUs and both new units require internal fire protection. What will my capacity fee be & how will I be allowed to serve fire protection to the unit?: The Capacity Fee will be $5,490 x 56% ($3,050) x 2 EDUs = $6,100 for the 2 units. Internal fire sprinklers, if required by the local fire jurisdiction, shall be supplied water by a dedicated water service.

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Color & Odor of Water FAQs

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1. Why does water become discolored?: Sweetwater Authority takes pride in consistently delivering water that not only meets, but exceeds federal and state water quality standards. Occasionally, however, certain occurrences within the Authority’s water sources or distribution system can affect water color, taste and odor.

2. Is discolored water safe to drink and use?

In most cases, yes. If water appears brown or yellow, it usually means a change in water flow has caused some of the naturally-occurring mineral sediments (mainly iron and manganese) which may accumulate inside of the pipeline, to get stirred up or break free. Inside your home, you may also notice an accumulation of mineral sediment in your toilets over time.

When a slight yellow/greenish tint is observed when filling a white sink or bathtub, but is not apparent in a glass of water, the observed tint may be due to naturally occurring color from Sweetwater Reservoir. Our water treatment processes are able to remove most, but not all natural color from the water.

If the water has an unusual color (not described above), please do not drink or use the water. Call 619-420-1413 for emergency assistance. There may be a chemical backflow in your water service.

3. What should I do about brown or yellow water?

Try running the water at an outside hose bib for several minutes to flush the line between your meter and house. Once the water has cleared entering your home, the next step is to run the faucets inside your home for several minutes to remove any remaining discolored water.

We recommend monitoring water quality (color) prior to starting laundry to avoid potential stains. If your laundry has been stained as a result of discolored water please contact us at 619-420-1413 for further assistance.

4. What if the water looks milky or cloudy?: Cloudy water is usually caused by air trapped in the water lines. Pour water into a pitcher or glass, and let sit for a few minutes. The water should become clear. If it does, the water is safe for all uses.

5. Why does my water taste or smell "funny"?: There are two common reasons for water to taste or smell unusual. One is from chlorine, used to kill germs in the water, and the other is from algae, which commonly grows in surface water reservoirs, including Sweetwater Reservoir. Algae occurrences are seasonal and usually happen during warm summer months. Taste and odors caused by algae are typically described as grassy, musty and earthy.

6. What odors could signal a threat to my health?: If the water has a "chemical" smell, or if it smells like sewage, it could indicate a dangerous backflow condition. Do not drink or use the water. Call 619-420-1413 for emergency assistance.

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Development FAQs

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1. 1. Why is Sweetwater Authority required to review jurisdictional building, grading, or improvement plans (currently in review or approved) for my project?

Each newly constructed multiunit residential structure or newly constructed mixed-use residential and commercial structure for which an application for a water connection, or more than one connection, is submitted to the Authority, shall measure the quantity of water supplied to each individual residential dwelling unit. California State Senate Bill SB-7 states such measurements are a condition of new water service. The measurement may be by individual water meters or submeters. The owner of the structure shall install individual meters or submeters that comply with all laws and regulations governing the approval of meter types or the installation, maintenance, reading, billing, and testing of meters, including, but not limited to, the California Plumbing Code and California Water Code.

Jurisdictional plan review provides the Authority the ability to:

Verify sub-metering is provided
Verify if the new or existing water meter are adequate for the proposed project (e.g. multiple units, landscape, fire protection, etc.)
Review design of proposed facilities to ensure conformance to Sweetwater Authority’s Design and Construction Standards
Ensure compliance with State and Sweetwater Authority Cross-connection requirements (backflow, greywater systems, pumps, etc.).
Ensure compliance with State and Sweetwater Authority required water facility clearances
Verify the water meter and fire protection system requirements associated with internal fire protection
Ensure requested water facilities and required capacity can be provided from an existing Sweetwater Authority water main(s)
Verify water service is available to the site
Calculate capacity fees/charges for both Sweetwater Authority and the San Diego County Water Authority
Categorize the type of water service, it provisions for activation/deactivation, and the applicable metering rate
Use for cost estimate of proposed water facilities
Verify and update the water service account to reflect any additional dwelling units to the site, e.g. change from Residential to Multi-Unit number of units 1 to 2, etc.

Also see question #3 below.

2. 2. Why is Sweetwater Authority required to inspect the size of my existing/proposed private water supply pipeline?

Sweetwater Authority water meter sizing is based on the Authority Design Standards, CA Plumbing Code, and the National Fire Protection Association, if applicable. Therefore, to confirm compliance with these Standards, the Authority inspects the sizing of the private pipeline to ensure water capacity and minimum water pressure is provided for the service.

Properly sized private water supply pipelines provide:

Adequate water capacity
Sufficient residual water pressure to avoid cross-connection
Adequate water pressure to operate appliances
Sufficient flows

3. 3. If I already have a water service serving my site, why do I need to inform Sweetwater Authority about the project and/or submit City or County plans?

Sweetwater Authority's Rates and Rules indicates no person shall connect a service lateral or other pipe to any Authority water main, meter, or lateral, or change the type of use of the water meter, or implement a “material change” (e.g. Building Permit, sub-division of parcel, change in use, tenant improvement, etc.) without filing an application for water service and provide copies of any city or county approved grading plans, including but not limited to, local fire protection agency flow requirements, site plans, floor plans, plumbing plan including total fixture-unit count and proposed water demands in gallons per day.

Also see question question #1 above.

4. 4. Must I notify Sweetwater Authority of a connection to its distribution system, change of water meter use, or “Material Change” to my water service (e.g. Building Permit, tenant improvement, etc.)?

Yes. You must notify Sweetwater Authority of a connection to its distribution system, change of water meter use, or “Material Change” to your existing water service (e.g. Building Permit, sub-division of parcel, change in use, tenant improvements).

Owners and applicants are required to adhere to the Authority’s Rates and Rules. Non-compliance with the Authority’s Rates and Rules could result in denial or discontinuance of water service.

5. 5. Why does Sweetwater Authority not allow me to tap and connect to my existing water service to serve my accessory dwelling unit?: Sweetwater Authority Standards requires each water service to include a corporation stop (valve) at the water main connection, and an angle stop (valve) at the meter connection point, and a consumer ball valve (newer installation) post meter connection. The placement of the corporation stop and angle stop allows the Authority to maintain its facilities, while the post meter ball valve permits the owner to operate their water supply. A connection to an existing service lateral, or post meter location would not allow the Authority to isolate a service, say for repair, without affecting more than one water service.

6. 6. Why does Sweetwater Authority require Backflow Devices on water services?

Per State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) Cross-Connection Control Policy Handbook (CCCPH), Sweetwater Authority is required to protect the public water supply from contamination by implementation of a cross-connection control program.

The adoption of operating rules or ordinances to implement the cross-connection program.
The conducting of surveys to identify water user premises where cross-connections are likely to occur
The provisions of backflow protection by the water user at the user's connection or within the user's premises or both
The provision of at least one person trained in cross-connection control to carry out the cross-connection program
The establishment of a procedure or system for testing backflow preventers
The maintenance of records of locations, tests, and repairs of backflow preventers

7. 7. I have a Single-Family Dwelling and I plan to add two ADU’s and both new units require internal fire protection. How will I be allowed to serve fire protection to the site?: The Authority shall verify existing water service and meter is adequate to provide water demands due to the new units. If increased demands cannot be provide by the existing service and meter, the developer will be required to install a new service and meter to provide domestic water supply. Internal fire sprinklers, if required by the local fire jurisdiction, shall be supplied water by a dedicated water service.

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Educación sobre PFAS

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1. 1. ¿Cómo llegaron las PFAS a nuestra agua?: Las PFAS (sustancias de perfluoroalquilo y polifluoroalquilo) son un grupo de sustancias químicas artificiales que se utilizan en diversos productos industriales y de consumo, conocidas por su resistencia al agua, al aceite y al calor. Aunque son útiles en muchas aplicaciones, las PFAS pueden persistir en el medio ambiente y acumularse en el cuerpo con el tiempo, lo que puede generar riesgos para la salud. Estudios recientes sugieren que incluso niveles bajos de ciertos PFAS en el agua potable pueden suponer riesgos, lo que llevó a la EPA a actualizar sus estándares.

2. 2. ¿Por qué la EPA está actualizando los estándares de PFAS?: Se cree que la exposición prolongada a altos niveles de PFAS produce efectos negativos para la salud, incluidos vínculos con daño hepático, impactos en el sistema inmunológico y ciertos tipos de cáncer. La EPA no estaba segura de qué nivel es seguro para el agua potable y como resultado decidió reducir el estándar previamente establecido de 70 partes por billón a 4 partes por billón. Este fue el límite más cercano a cero que la EPA pudo establecer legalmente y es el equivalente a una gota de PFAS en cinco piscinas olímpicas. Puede hacer clic aquí para ser dirigido al sitio web de la EPA para obtener más información sobre lo que la agencia ha hecho a lo largo de los años para rastrear las PFAS.

3. 3. ¿Cuándo debe Sweetwater cumplir con los nuevos estándares de la EPA?: Sweetwater debe cumplir con estos requisitos antes de abril de 2029.

4. 4. ¿Qué está haciendo Sweetwater para cumplir con los nuevos estándares de la EPA?: Nuestra agencia está trabajando proactivamente para cumplir con los próximos estándares antes de que sean  un requisito oficial. Estamos incrementando nuestros esfuerzos de análisis de agua para determinar qué soluciones de tratamiento avanzadas y/o nuevas tecnologías se necesitan para reducir los niveles de PFAS. Una vez que tengamos datos concluyentes y claros sobre los niveles de nuestros depósitos de suministro de agua, podremos desarrollar opciones para mitigar el problema. Tenemos la intención de utilizar este proceso para cumplir o superar las regulaciones previstas con mucha antelación.

5. 5. ¿Cómo sabré si hay PFAS en mi agua potable?

Estamos comprometidos con la transparencia y actualizaremos periódicamente a los clientes en nuestro sitio web, a través de alertas por correo electrónico y en reuniones comunitarias. Cualquier cambio significativo en los niveles de PFAS o en la seguridad del agua se le comunicará de inmediato. Para mantenerse actualizado con la información más reciente, suscríbase a nuestras actualizaciones por correo electrónico. También tenemos múltiples formas para que usted pueda participar.  

Puede: 

Asistir a una reunión: reunión pública, grupo de trabajo, etc. Próximamente habrá información sobre la reunión. 
Suscribirse a nuestra lista de correo electrónico. 
Llamarnos a nuestra línea telefónica dedicada para consultas relacionadas con este tema al (619) 409-6786. 
Para consultas relacionadas con este tema, envíenos un correo electrónico a PFAS@sweetwater.org.

6. 6. ¿Es segura mi agua potable en este momento?: Sí, su agua es segura para beber y cumple con todos los estándares y pautas federales y estatales actuales. Estamos obligados a cumplir con el nuevo estándar de la EPA para abril de 2029. Estamos haciendo todo lo posible para adelantarnos a esta fecha límite realizando pruebas proactivas para asegurarnos de que estamos rastreando cualquier cambio significativo en los niveles de PFAS en el agua.

7. 7. ¿Qué medidas debo tomar si me preocupa la presencia de PFAS en el agua?: Si tiene inquietudes de salud específicas relacionadas con las PFAS, comuníquese con un médico.

8. 8. ¿Cómo afectarán estos cambios mi factura de agua?: El costo de implementar nuevas soluciones de tratamiento puede afectar las tarifas del agua a lo largo del tiempo. Estamos trabajando para minimizar estos costos y comunicaremos cualquier cambio potencial con suficiente antelación, teniendo como máxima prioridad la asequibilidad y la transparencia.

9. 9. ¿D Dónde puedo obtener más información sobre las PFAS y los nuevos estándares?: Para más información, puede visitar la página web de la EPA sobre PFAS o asista a nuestros próximos talleres y reuniones donde nuestro equipo responderá preguntas y brindará actualizaciones continuas. Los enlaces y detalles de la reunión estarán disponibles en nuestro sitio web.

10. 10. ¿Sweetwater está emprendiendo acciones legales contra los fabricantes de PFAS?: Sweetwater ha llegado a un acuerdo con algunos fabricantes de PFAS para obtener dinero para luchar contra las PFAS en el sistema en el litigio multidistrito contra los fabricantes de PFAS. Sweetwater actualmente ha llegado a acuerdos con 3M, DuPont, Tyco y BASF. Sweetwater también ha presentado demandas contra otros fabricantes que aún no han resuelto reclamos pendientes y que contribuyeron a la introducción de PFAS en el medio ambiente y en el suministro de agua de Sweetwater.

11. 11. ¿Qué son las PFAS y de dónde provienen?

Las sustancias de perfluoroalquilo y polifluoroalquilo (PFAS) son una familia de más de 15,000 sustancias químicas ampliamente utilizadas en productos de consumo resistentes al calor, los aceites, las manchas y el agua, como alfombras, ropa, telas para muebles, envases de papel para alimentos y otros materiales. Los dos tipos de PFAS (PFOA y PFOS) que existen son los productos químicos PFAS más utilizados, estudiados y regulados en los EE. UU. 

Para obtener más información sobre las PFAS, puede visitar el sitio web de la Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicas y Registro de Enfermedades de los CDC aquí o el sitio web de la EPA aquí.  

12. 12. ¿Mi agua todavía es segura para beber, limpiar, cocinar y regar mi jardín y mis plantas?

Sí, es seguro utilizar el agua del grifo con normalidad. En Sweetwater Authority, estamos tomando las siguientes medidas:  

Tratamos de determinar la fuente de las PFAS para evitar que contaminen aún más nuestras fuentes de agua. 
Aumentamos la realización de pruebas y el monitoreo de las PFAS, manteniendo a la comunidad informada de los resultados.

Lo que haremos: 

Estamos considerando construir una instalación de purificación que utilizará la mejor tecnología de control disponible para eliminar las PFAS de nuestro suministro de agua y desecharlas adecuadamente. 
Aplicaremos todas las medidas posibles de ahorro de costos para compensar el costo de la infraestructura necesaria.

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Edukasyon ng PFAS

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1. 1. Paano napunta ang PFAS sa ating tubig?: Ang PFAS (per- at polyfluoroalkyl na sangkap) ay isang grupo ng mga kemikal na gawa ng tao na ginagamit sa iba't ibang produktong pang-industriya at consumer, na kilala sa kanila na hindi tinatablan ng tubig, langis, at init. Bagama't kapaki-pakinabang sa maraming aplikasyon, ang PFAS ay maaaring magpatuloy sa kapaligiran at maipon sa katawan sa paglipas ng panahon, na posibleng humahantong sa mga panganib sa kalusugan. Sina-suggest ng mga kamakailang pag-aaral na kahit na ang mababang antas ng ilang PFAS sa inuming tubig ay maaaring magdulot ng mga panganib, na mag-udyok sa EPA na mag-update ang mga pamantayan nito.

2. 2. Bakit ina-update ng EPA ang mga pamantayan ng PFAS?: Pinaniniwalaang ang matagal na pagkakalantad sa matataas na antas ng PFAS ay magreresulta sa mga negatibong epekto sa kalusugan kabilang ang mga nauugnay sa pinsala sa atay, mga epekto sa immune system, at ilang partikular na kanser. Hindi sigurado ang EPA kung anong antas ang ligtas para sa inuming tubig at dahil dito ay nagpasya na ibaba ang dati nang itinatag na pamantayan mula 70 bahagi bawat trilyon hanggang 4 na bahagi bawat trilyon. Ito ang pinakamalapit sa sero na maaaring legal na maitakda ng EPA na limitasyon at katumbas ito ng isang patak ng PFAS sa limang Olympic sized na swimming pool. Maaari mong i-click dito na magdidirekta sa website ng EPA para sa higit pang impormasyon tungkol sa kung ano ang ginawa ng ahensya sa mga nakaraang taon upang masubaybayan ang PFAS.

3. 3. Kailan kailangang sumunod ang Sweetwater sa mga bagong pamantayan ng EPA?

Dapat na sumunod ang Sweetwater sa mga kinakailangang ito bago sumapit ang Abril 2029.  

4. 4. Ano ang ginagawa ng Sweetwater para sumunod sa mga bagong pamantayan ng EPA?: Ang aming ahensya ay maagap na nagtatrabaho upang matugunan ang mga paparating na pamantayan bago opisyal na kailanganin ang mga ito. Dinaragdagan namin ang aming mga pagsisikap sa pagtatasa ng tubig upang matukoy kung anong mga advanced na solusyon sa paggamot at/o mga bagong teknolohiya ang kailangan upang bawasan ang mga antas ng PFAS. Kapag mayroon na tayong matatag, malinaw na data sa mga antas sa ating mga reservoir ng suplay ng tubig, maaari tayong bumuo ng mga opsyon para mabawasan ang problema. Nilalayon naming gamitin ang prosesong ito upang matugunan o mahigitan ang mga inaasahang regulasyon nang maaga.

5. 5. Paano ko malalaman kung mayroong PFAS sa aking inuming tubig?

Nakatuon kami at palaging nag-a-update sa transparency ng mga customer sa aming website, sa pamamagitan ng mga alerto sa email at sa mga pulong ng komunidad. Kaagad na ipapaalam sa iyo ang anumang makabuluhang pagbabago sa mga antas ng PFAS o kaligtasan ng tubig. Upang manatiling naka-update sa pinakabagong impormasyon, mangyaring mag-sign up para sa aming mga pag-update sa email. Mayroon din kaming maraming paraan para makilahok ka.  

Maaari mong: 

Dumalo sa isang pagpupulong: pampublikong pagpupulong, grupong manggagawa atbp. Paparating na ang impormasyon ng pagpupulong. 
Mag-sign up para sa aming listahan ng email. 
Tawagan kami sa aming nakatuong linya ng telepono para sa mga katanungan na may kaugnayan sa paksang ito sa (619) 409-6786. 
Para sa mga katanungan na may kaugnayan sa paksang ito, mag-email sa amin sa PFAS@sweetwater.org.

6. 6. Ligtas ba ang aking inuming tubig ngayon?: Oo, ang iyong tubig ay ligtas na inumin at nakakatugon sa lahat ng kasalukuyang pederal at estado na mga pamantayan at alituntunin. Inaatasan kaming sumunod sa bagong pamantayan ng EPA bago sumapit ang Abril 2029. Ginagawa namin ang abot ng aming makakaya upang maunahan ang deadline na ito sa pamamagitan ng aktibong pagtatasa upang matiyak na sinusubaybayan namin ang anumang makabuluhang pagbabago sa mga antas ng PFAS sa tubig.

7. 7. Anong mga hakbang ang dapat kong gawin kung nag-aalala ako tungkol sa PFAS sa tubig ko?: Kung mayroon kang mga partikular na alalahanin sa kalusugan na nauugnay sa PFAS, mangyaring makipag-ugnayan sa isang doktor.

8. 8. Paano makakaapekto ang mga pagbabagong ito sa aking bayarin sa tubig?: Ang halaga ng pagpapatupad ng mga bagong lunas sa paggamot ay maaaring makaapekto sa mga rate ng tubig sa paglipas ng panahon. Nagsusumikap kaming mabawasan ang mga gastusin na ito at ipapaalam nang maaga ang anumang mga posibleng pagbabago, na pinananatiling nasa isip ang pagiging abot-kaya at transparent.

9. 9. Saan ako makakakuha ng karagdagang impormasyon tungkol sa PFAS at sa mga bagong pamantayan?: Para sa karagdagang impormasyon, maaari mong bisitahin ang Ang PFAS webpage ng EPA o dumalo sa aming mga paparating na workshop at pagpupulong kung saan sasagutin ng aming koponan ang mga tanong at magbibigay ng patuloy na mga pag-update. Ang mga link at mga detalye ng pagpupulong ay magiging available sa aming website.

10. 10. Nagsasagaw ba ang Sweetwater ng legal na aksyon laban sa mga tagagawa ng PFAS?: Nakipagkasundo ang Sweetwater sa ilang PFAS manufacture para sa pera upang labanan ang PFAS sa system sa multidistrict litigation laban sa PFAS manufactures. Kasalukuyang nakipagkasundo ang Sweetwater sa 3M, DuPont, Tyco at BASF. Nagsampa rin ang Sweetwater ng mga demanda laban sa iba pang tagagawa na hindi pa naaayos ang mga natitirang claim at nag-ambag sa paglitaw ng PFAS sa kapaligiran at sa suplay ng tubig ng Sweetwater.

11. 11. Ano ang PFAS at saan nanggaling ang mga ito?

Ang mga per- at polyfluoroalkyl na sangkap (PFAS) ay isang pamilya ng higit sa 15,000 na kemikal na malawakang ginagamit sa mga produkto ng consumer na panlaban-sa-init, langis, mantsa at tubig, gaya ng mga Karpet, damit, tela ng muwebles, packaging ng papel para sa pagkain at iba pang mga materyales. Dalawang uri ng PFAS – PFOA at PFOS – ang pinakakaraniwang ginagamit, pinag-aaralang kinokontrol na mga kemikal ng PFAS sa Estados Unidos. 

Upang matuto nang higit pa tungkol sa PFAS, maaari mong bisitahin ang website ng CDC na Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry dito o ang website ng EPA dito. 

12. 12. Ligtas pa ba ang tubig ko para inumin, para sa paglilinis, pagluluto at pagdilig sa aking hardin at mga halaman?

Oo, ligtas mong gamitin ang iyong tubig sa gripo gaya ng karaniwan. Sa Sweetwater Authority, kumikilos kami sa pamamagitan ng:  

Sinusubukang tukuyin ang pinagmumulan ng PFAS upang maiwasang lalo pang makontamina ang ating mga pinagmumulan ng tubig. 
Pagdaragdag ng pagtatasa at pagsubaybay ng PFAS at panatilihing ipinapaalam sa komunidad ang mga resulta.

Magiging: 

Isinasaalang-alang ang pagbuo ng isang pasilidad sa paglilinis na gagamit ang pinakamahusay na available na teknolohiya upang makontrol na alisin ang PFAS mula sa aming suplay ng tubig at maayos na maitapon ito. 
Nagsisikap sa lahat ng posibleng hakbang sa pagtitipid sa gastos upang mabawi ang halaga ng kinakailangang imprastraktura.

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EPA and Updated Testing Requirements

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1. What is Sweetwater Authority doing to comply with the new EPA standards? Does Sweetwater Authority need to conduct additional testing?

We are working toward compliance with the new EPA regulations by April 2029 by conducting the required testing and evaluating potential long-term treatment solutions to ensure that we will meet the new standards by the deadline.

Yes, the EPA requires more testing to obtain a better picture of the situation and to confirm PFAS levels in the water supply. Sweetwater is required to perform quarterly monitoring for a 12-month period and will conduct quarterly tests in 2024 and 2025 to meet this requirement: October 2024, January 2025, April 2025 and July 2025.

2. Why is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) updating PFAS standards? What is the new threshold for PFAS? How does it compare to the old threshold? When does Sweetwater Authority need to comply?

Prolonged exposure to high levels of PFAS is believed to result in negative health effects including links to liver damage, immune system impacts and certain cancers. The EPA has tightened its regulations in response to the latest understanding of the potential harm from these chemicals.

The new EPA maximum contaminant level for PFOA and PFOS, two types of PFAS, is 4 parts per trillion (ppt), which is equivalent to one drop of water in five Olympic-sized swimming pools. This is a significant reduction from the previous combined Health Advisory threshold of 70 ppt (PFOA + PFOS).

The EPA also set the maximum contaminant level for PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA (GenX) at 10 ppt. Additionally, the EPA set the maximum contaminant level for a combination of PFHxS, PFNA, PFBS, and HFPO-DA as a hazard index of 1. The formula for the hazard index is below where [x] denotes concentration of x . None of these PFAS had prior thresholds.

You can click here to be directed to the EPA website for more information about what the agency has done over the years to track PFAS.

3. What were the most recent testing results? Why would there be a fluctuation between the testing results? Why didn’t Sweetwater Authority detect this sooner?

Late 2024 testing detected PFAS at Sweetwater Reservoir at levels that required public notification but not immediate action.
The most recent tests in early 2025 show PFAS at response levels, requiring additional treatment, blending with other water sources, or taking affected sources offline. The most recent test results are available in this presentation on pages 18-20.
Sweetwater Authority will complete two additional quarterly tests in 2025 to fully assess PFAS levels and determine appropriate long-term solutions. Moving forward, the Department of Drinking Water (DDW) will allow Sweetwater Authority to take an average of the quarterly test results to provide the full annual average. As soon as information is available, we will share those results with customers.
All Sweetwater Authority drinking water currently meets state and federal safety standards.

Variations in PFAS levels in the testing events are common and could be attributed to seasonal changes like weather or environmental factors. These fluctuations in the testing results emphasize the importance of Sweetwater Authority obtaining two additional test results (Q3 and Q4 2025). This will provide Sweetwater Authority with the complete set of annual test results needed to accurately identify PFAS treatment and mitigation solutions.

The state and federal guidelines have changed several times in the last 10 years. We are still within the guidelines set by both state and federal authorities. The EPA's updated standards are just now being implemented, and we have until 2029 to meet the new regulations. We are taking steps now to prepare.

4. What is the difference between California’s notification level and the response level?

CA Response Level — The state has set a “response level” for PFAS in drinking water. If PFAS levels reach “response level”, the water agency is required to consider either:

Notify the public of the Response Level Exceedance
Utilize treatment or blending
Take the water source offline

CA Notification Level — The state has set a “notification level” for PFAS in drinking water. Wholesale water providers are required to:

Notify local government agencies within the service area

5. Does a changing federal administration affect these regulations? Would federal funding cuts impact PFAS treatment efforts?: As the EPA’s PFAS regulations are being challenged in court, the compliance timeline and specific requirements could shift depending on the outcome of ongoing litigation. We are monitoring these developments closely. Sweetwater Authority continues to monitor policy developments and advocate for resources to support compliance efforts.

6. Have other water agencies started this testing yet? Does Sweetwater Authority collaborate with other water agencies to share testing methods and best practices?

The EPA’s UCMR rule requires large water agencies like Sweetwater Authority to conduct monitoring for PFAS between 2023 and 2025. Some agencies have not started monitoring yet but will be required to do so under the EPA’s new regulations in 2027. More data on this will become available over time as more agencies begin their monitoring efforts.

Sweetwater Authority’s water supply is different than other agencies as the Authority has more local sources of water than other agencies in the region. Most agencies in the region are already relying mostly on imported water for their drinking water.

Sweetwater Authority does communicate with other agencies to share best practices and testing methodologies and attends trade conferences where PFAS treatment and solutions are discussed.

7. Would California set standards that are lower than the EPA standards?: California has the authority to adopt stricter standards than the EPA. However, the current detection limits may not support a substantial reduction in the threshold at this time.

8. If Sweetwater isn’t able to comply with the future EPA standards, what are the impacts?: PFAS contamination levels are currently under regulatory review, with stricter limits expected by 2029. It is anticipated that if water providers do not meet future EPA standards, they may face violations and potential penalties.

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Financial Impacts

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1. What are the costs of imported water when compared to the Perdue Water Treatment Plant?: In 2025 rate schedule, rates for imported raw water purchased through the San Diego County Water Authority are priced at $1,500 per acre/foot and would still require treatment, which would add additional cost of around $50-60 per acre/foot. Perdue water is free, but treatment costs about $250 per acre/foot. To purchase imported water, we’d be looking at imported water costs that would still be millions of dollars. That is an option, but it’s an expensive one.

2. If Sweetwater Authority invests in long-term treatment, how would costs be allocated? What is the immediate cost of imported water to offset PFAS impacts? Would customers bear the expense?

We’re not sure about cost allocation yet. Based on preliminary estimates, we’re likely looking at a capital investment of about $40 million for treatment facility and additional costs for ongoing operations and maintenance of the facility.

Purchasing imported water immediately is estimated to cost as much as $44 million over a 3-year period, in addition to the $40 million estimated to build a purification facility.

As we continue to complete additional testing, we’ll be completing financial analysis for what these long-term costs would be and how they’d be administered. This could impact customers’ bills, but Sweetwater Authority would pursue all available local, state and federal grants and funding to offset those impacts.

3. How much does it cost for an individual PFOA test? Is there EPA funding available to cover this?: According to staff, PFAS testing for UCMR-5 costs approximately $2,100 for three samples (Perdue, Reynolds Desal and National City well), which would be around $700 per sample. Initial EPA funding covered testing for certain water systems, but additional costs will need be incurred by Sweetwater Authority to address long term treatment

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Fishing & Recreation FAQs

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1. Who operates the fishing program at Sweetwater Reservoir?: Sweetwater Authority, a public agency that provides drinking water residents of Chula Vista, National City and Bonita, owns and operates Sweetwater Reservoir and the fishing prorgram. California’s Department of Fish and Game inspects the facility to assure anglers have fishing licenses and follow state rules and regulations.

2. When can I fish at Sweetwater Reservoir?: For current fishing program hours, click here.

3. Why allow fishing on a drinking water reservoir?: When residents voted for public ownership of the water system in the 1970s, voters asked for public fishing. Sweetwater Authority's Governing Board, in seeking a balance between human and environmental needs, supports the fishing program as a service to the entire region.

4. Will the Sweetwater Reservoir fishing program be expanded?: It is unlikely that the fishing program will be expanded. Water from Sweetwater Reservoir is treated at the Perdue Plant near the shoreline, and it is unlikely that California’s Department of Health Services would ever approve boats or potential body contact activities such as canoeing, kayaking, swimming, water skiing, wading, or float tubes on the reservoir.

5. Will I ever be able to fish on the north shore of the Sweetwater Reservoir?: No. The water stored in Sweetwater Reservoir and the wildlife that live there must be carefully protected. Fishing area limits are posted on the south shore.

6. What type of concessions will be available at the site?: None. Visitors must bring their own food, drink, bait and tackle, including drinking water. Portable restrooms and trashcans are provided. Please note that there is limited shade on site.

7. Will the lake be stocked with trout and other fish species?: There are no plans to stock the lake. We expect healthy populations of bass, catfish,
bullhead, bluegill, perch, rock bass, and carp. Catch and release practices are preferred to avoid over-fishing.

8. Are boats allowed at Sweetwater Reservoir or Loveland Reservoir?: No. Motor boats could create problems with fuel contamination or non-native plant or animal species. Non-motorized watercraft might cause body contact with the reservoir, which is prohibited.

9. What other recreation is allowed?: Trails are provided for walks, photography, and bird watching. Bicycles, horses and pets are allowed on other designated trails (outside of the fishing facility).

10. Is camping allowed?: No. There is no overnight parking and no camping at the Sweetwater Reservoir Fishing Facility. Camping is available at the County’s Sweetwater Summit Park, west of the Facility. The address is
3218 Summit Meadow Road
Bonita, CA 91902

The information number is (619) 472-7572.

11. How many people are allowed to fish each day at Sweetwater Reservoir?: There are 155 parking spaces at the Sweetwater Reservoir Fishing Facility. If the lot is full, visitors may pay a day use fee to park at Sweetwater Summit Campground and hike in. Caretakers are authorized to refuse further admissions as needed.

12. Is bowfishing allowed?: No. The Governing Board has decided against this form of fishing.

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Floating Solar Project FAQs

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1. 1. Why is Sweetwater Authority conducting a study to build a floating solar project?

This project could help offset Sweetwater Authority’s electric costs by roughly 66%, a savings of roughly $500,000 each year, allowing us to not only ensure greater rate stability for our customers, but also pay for much needed infrastructure development.

With SDG&E’s rates expected to continue to rise, potential savings to Sweetwater Authority and its customers will only increase.

2. 2. What is the size and scope of the project being studied?

Sweetwater Authority is proposing to build a 3.7 MW floating solar project on roughly 9.5 acres, or about 1%, of the reservoir surface area (when full).

Locating the project on water as opposed to land avoids a number of issues, including the cost of procuring land, potential impact to home values by construction on land, impacting recreational use, and impacts to natural habitat and other environmental resources.

3. 3. Will this project impact the safety of my water?

No. Sweetwater Authority is required to provide water that meets or exceeds all state and federal drinking water health standards. The project will require approval by the State of California’s Division of Drinking Water, which is tasked with verifying and providing permits for projects that impact drinking water reservoirs to ensure water quality and safety. Furthermore, the Sweetwater Reservoir water is treated at the Perdue Water Treatment Plant prior to delivery to our customers.

This project will not be allowed to proceed without ensuring the water we deliver to our customers remains safe.

4. 4. What are the environmental impacts of this project?

As part of this study, Sweetwater Authority staff is conducting the necessary analysis to inform a California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) compliant initial study, which is anticipated to be completed by November 2024.

At the conclusion of the initial study, a recommendation for Mitigated Negative Declaration or an Environmental Impact Report will be presented to the Governing Board.

5. 5. What is the benefit of this project to ratepayers?: With roughly 65% of our service area designated a disadvantaged community, 43% severely disadvantaged and 22% moderately disadvantaged, our ability to find creative solutions to help lower costs to our customers is critical.

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Health and Safety

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1. What are the known effects of having PFAs in your water?

Current scientific research suggests that exposure to certain PFAS may lead to adverse health outcomes. However, research is still ongoing to determine how different levels of exposure to different PFAS can lead to a variety of health effects. Research is also underway to better understand the health effects associated with low levels of exposure to PFAS over long periods of time, especially in children. Current peer-reviewed scientific studies have shown that exposure to certain levels of PFAS may lead to:

Reproductive effects such as decreased fertility or increased high blood pressure in pregnant women.
Developmental effects or delays in children, including low birth weight, accelerated puberty, bone variations, or behavioral changes.
Increased risk of some cancers, including prostate, kidney, and testicular cancers.
Reduced ability of the body’s immune system to fight infections, including reduced vaccine response.
Interference with the body’s natural hormones.
Increased cholesterol levels and/or risk of obesity.

*Source Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website

To date, there have been no health issues reported in our community that are directly linked to PFAS in our drinking water. If you have specific concerns, we encourage you to consult your physician.

2. What actions could community members take to minimize exposure to PFAS? What home filtration options are available for community members concerned about PFAS exposure?

Customers may have concerns about water safety and personal water use and minimizing PFAS risk, after hearing about the updated testing results. Because PFAS is so widespread in our environment, it makes it hard to completely avoid them. The EPA has developed resources for ways to reduce PFAS risk, Steps to Reduce PFAS Risk. If customers decide to purchase water filters for drinking water, the EPA has developed recommendations in their latest fact sheet. Tips include:

Look for filters that specifically remove PFAS through reverse osmosis or activated carbon filters.
Check the labels for NSF/ANSI Standard 53 and 58 certifications.
Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for installation and regular filter replacement to ensure optimal performance.

3. Does Sweetwater Authority sample water all the way to customer taps? Is there any way for homeowners to have their water tested for PFAS at home?: No, Sweetwater Authority does not test for PFAS all the way to customers’ taps. The sampling is taken from the Sweetwater Reservoir at the intake tower, which is where the water leaves the reservoir to go to Perdue Water Treatment plant for treatment before going to customers’ homes. Yes, customers could have their water tested by a private company who specializes in PFAS testing.

4. Does Sweetwater Authority have an epidemiologist advising on PFAS water safety?: No, we do not have an epidemiologist on staff. However, we follow guidance from regulatory agencies, including the EPA, regarding water safety.

5. Should we buy bottled water?: Bottled water is regulated by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) not Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), who regulates drinking water. Standards are higher for drinking water provided by a water agency (detection, testing and monitoring as well as notification standards). FDA has no current specific standards for PFAS in bottled water.

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PFAS Long-Term Solutions

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1. What Sweetwater Authority is doing to address PFAS now? What is the long-term solution?

The health and safety of our customers is our top priority. Upon receipt of the testing results, Sweetwater Authority has taken immediate and proactive action by preparing a comprehensive outreach and education campaign, which is designed to share consistent, transparent updates to our customers in real time.

In addition to our outreach efforts, we’ve also started:

Comprehensive PFAS monitoring and testing: In line with state and federal guidelines, we have aggressively performed PFAS testing to fully understand PFAS levels in our water supply. We completed two of the four EPA required tests. We’ve been committed to providing results with customers transparently.
Exploration of advanced treatment technologies: We’re working with experts to determine the best long-term solution for removing PFAS.
Seeking funding and cost savings: We are working with local, state and federal elected officials to pursue state and federal funding opportunities to help cover the costs of any necessary treatment.

What Comes Next?

Evaluating the best treatment approach: There are different ways to remove PFAS from water, such as state of the art filtration systems like ion exchange (IX) and granular activated carbon (GAC) we are studying these options to determine the most effective and cost-efficient solution.
Planning and compliance by 2029: We are on track to meet the new federal standards and will keep you updated on our progress.
Understanding the financial impact: Upgrading water treatment facilities will require investment while we are working to secure outside funding, future rate adjustments may be needed. We are committed to keeping costs as low as possible for our customers.
Keeping customers informed: As we learn more about long-term solutions, we will share updates and host community meetings to answer your questions.

2. What technologies or treatments are being considered as solutions: There are a number of advanced treatment technologies for PFAS removal in drinking water: granulated activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange resins (IX) and reverse osmosis, which are currently considered the best available technologies for PFAS removal in the water industry. As technology evolves and we learn more about the concentrations of contamination from the quarterly testing results, we will continue to evaluate the most effective options. Once we identify the potential solution, we’d need to conduct analysis on the potential options, studying costs and feasibility of each option. Once a preferred option was identified, we’d move into planning and design of a treatment solution and construction of the facility.

3. Will Sweetwater switch to a different water source temporarily? If blending is used as a mitigation measure, where does the additional water come from? Where does the blending occur?: We are evaluating all options to ensure the best possible water quality and minimize cost impacts to our customers. Switching to a different water source temporarily is a possibility. If blending were used, we would purchase water from the San Diego County Water Authority and blend it with water from the Sweetwater Reservoir and send it to the Perdue Water Treatment Plant and distribute to customers in the service area. The blending process would occur in underground pipes coming from Sweetwater Reservoir, immediately before the treatment process begins at Perdue Water Treatment Plant.

4. What is Sweetwater doing to remove PFAS from the water supply? How long will it take to fix this issue?

We currently have two of four required testing results. Once we determine our annual average PFAS level, we will take the necessary steps to address the issue using the best available control technology. This may include building a purification facility and/or exploring other advanced treatment technologies like ion exchange (IX) or granulated activated carbon (GAC).

The timeline depends on the specific mitigation solution we implement. We anticipate having a clearer picture by the end of 2025 once our quarterly testing requirement is complete. Sweetwater is required to perform quarterly monitoring for a 12-month period and will conduct two more quarterly tests in 2025: April 2025 and July 2025. Testing will continue through the end of 2025.

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Public Engagement & Outreach

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1. How will Sweetwater Authority notify renters, who may not receive Sweetwater Authority materials about PFAS education?

We are committed to outreach strategies that will engage all customers on this issue. We are using a variety of outreach methods, including mailers, water bill inserts, eblasts, community meetings and workshops, press releases and media alerts, outreach with cities in the service area (City of National City and City of Chula Vista) and local school districts, notices and social media to ensure customers and community members are aware of testing requirements and results.

We have also hosted a series of community outreach meetings and workshops in early 2025. These meetings will provide additional opportunities for residents to learn about the PFAS and ask questions. Links and meeting details are available on our website on the PFAS education page, www.sweetwater.org/PFAS.

We’ve shared information with the local school districts, City of National City, City of Chula Vista and County of San Diego District 1 Office and requested they share through their communications channels to help us engage community members more broadly.

2. When will the public receive testing results? If quarterly workshops stop, how will updates be shared? How will all customers stay informed on PFAS testing?: Sweetwater is committed to keeping the community fully informed. We encourage customers to sign up to receive alerts from our PFAS education team. As soon as new testing results are available, we will share that information by email.

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Questions from Community Advisory Work Group – Jan. 28, 2025

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1. How will Sweetwater Authority notify renters, who may not receive Sweetwater Authority materials about PFAS education?

We are committed to outreach strategies that will engage all customers on this issue. We are using a variety of outreach methods, including water bill inserts, eblasts, community meetings and workshops, press releases, outreach with cities in the service area (City of National City and City of Chula Vista) and local school districts, notices and social media to ensure customers and community members are aware of testing requirements and results.  

We are also hosting a series of community outreach meetings and workshops in early 2025. These meetings will provide additional opportunities for residents to learn about the PFAS and ask questions. Links and meeting details will be available on our website on the PFAS education page, www.sweetwater.org/PFAS. 

2. Are quarterly test samples required at point of discharge from plant per UCMR and Sweetwater Reservoir water per state order?: Sweetwater Authority has been required to monitor multiple groundwater sources under the State Department of Drinking Water’s (DDW) monitoring order and more recently Sweetwater Reservoir was added to the monitoring order. PFAS has not been detected in our groundwater sources due to the reverse osmosis PFAS removal process in place at Reynolds Desalination Plant. For more information previous testing, please reference our annual water quality reports, which summarizes testing and any detections each year. They are available on the Authority’s website.

3. Where is the sample point for Sweetwater Reservoir? Is it at the intake tower?: Yes, the sample point at Sweetwater Reservoir is at the intake tower.

4. Will Sweetwater Authority post presentations from the community workshops on the webpage?: Yes. Sweetwater Authority will post presentations from the community workshops on our PFAS education page at www.sweetwater.org/PFAS.

5. Is there an auto reply on the pfas@sweetwater.org?: The PFAS education team is working on adding an autoreply to the email address.

6. How much does it cost for a PFOA test? And to treat PFAS on a long-term basis? Is there EPA funding available to cover this?: According to staff, PFAS testing for UCMR-5 costs approximately $2,100 for three samples (Perdue, Reynolds Desal and National City well), which would be around $700 per sample. Initial EPA funding covered testing for certain water systems, but additional costs will need be incurred by Sweetwater Authority to address long term treatment. The estimated cost for a PFAS treatment plant is $40 million, plus ongoing operational expenses. Future rate impacts will depend on infrastructure investments and regulatory compliance.

7. If Sweetwater isn’t able to comply with the future EPA standards, what are the impacts?: PFAS contamination levels are currently under regulatory review, with stricter limits expected by 2029. It is anticipated that if water providers do not meet future EPA standards, they may face violations and potential penalties.

8. How are other agencies in San Diego County addressing PFAS? Is Sweetwater staying ahead of these regulatory requirements.: Sweetwater Authority’s water supply is different than other agencies as the Authority has more local sources of water than other agencies in the region. Most agencies in the region are already relying mostly on imported water for their drinking water.

9. Are there other emerging contaminants in the water that the public should be aware of? And any future testing to be aware of?: Currently, PFAS is the primary contaminant Sweetwater Authority is required to test for, but additional contaminants may be regulated in the future.

10. Should people be eating fish caught at Sweetwater Reservoir? Does EPA regulate that? Or is that a different agency?: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Department of Drinking Water (DDW) don’t provide any guidance related to posting notices about fish and wildlife in reservoirs. With this established, the EPA has developed unenforceable water quality criteria and informal benchmarks to help states and authorized Tribes protect aquatic ecosystems from several PFAS. The levels of PFAS found in the reservoir are much lower than either the acute or chronic water quality benchmarks. These criteria can be found at https://www.epa.gov/wqc/pfas-and-aquatic-life.

11. Is water entering Sweetwater Authority water supply from other districts, including the San Diego County Water Authority and Imperial Water, going to be tested?: Yes. Any water entering Sweetwater Authority’s water supply would be tested.

12. It’s been documented that the EPA has experienced federal funding cuts. How will this impact PFAS treatment efforts?: Sweetwater Authority continues to monitor policy developments and advocate for resources to support compliance efforts.

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Questions from Community Workshop #1 (National City) on February 3, 2025

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1. What are the known effects of having PFAs in your water?

Reproductive effects such as decreased fertility or increased high blood pressure in pregnant women.
Developmental effects or delays in children, including low birth weight, accelerated puberty, bone variations, or behavioral changes.
Increased risk of some cancers, including prostate, kidney, and testicular cancers.
Reduced ability of the body’s immune system to fight infections, including reduced vaccine response.
Interference with the body’s natural hormones.
Increased cholesterol levels and/or risk of obesity.

*Source Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website

2. We have several sources of water in Sweetwater Authority service area: the reservoirs, the wells, and the desal plant? Are they all affected by this?: No, this presentation specifically refers to the treated water from Sweetwater Reservoir. Under UCMR 5, Sweetwater Authority is required to sample the “entry point” to the distribution system from each of our water treatment facilities because that’s the treated water that is being delivered directly to the public. Sweetwater Authority operates three water treatment facilities, and the data presented tonight was specific for the Perdue Water Treatment Plant located in Spring Valley. The Perdue Water Treatment Plant treats 100% water from the Sweetwater Reservoir. Sweetwater Authority also has two groundwater sources: the Richard A. Reynolds Groundwater Desalination Facility and our National City wells in northern National City. Those facilities are also required to be monitored at the entry point to the distribution system. PFAS has not been detected at the entry point to the distribution system on those sources. This is specifically for the Perdue Water Treatment Plant.

3. What is the source of water for customers in National City?: Primarily, National City customers receive their water from the Richard A. Reynolds Desalination Facility and the National City wells. However, National City does receive water from the Perdue Water Treatment Plant during repairs of either Richard A. Reynolds Desalination Facility and the National City wells.

4. Are the National City groundwater wells affected by PFAS?: No, PFAS has not been detected at the National City groundwater wells. There’s also no treatment for PFAS at the National City wells either so, if it was found in the raw groundwater, that could be an issue. Under the monitoring orders we’ve been following from the Division of Drinking Water (DDW) since 2019, we have found PFAS in our “San Diego formation models”, which are more of our brackish or saltier groundwater wells that are treated at the Richard A. Reynolds Desalination Facility. Sweetwater Authority is able to remove the PFAS to non-detectable levels at the facility through reverse osmosis.

5. If National City’s main sources of water (Richard A. Reynolds and National City wells) aren’t impacted by PFAS, why is Sweetwater Authority is addressing this across our service area?: While the primary sources of water for customers in National City aren’t impacted by PFAS, there are times when customers receive water from Sweetwater Reservoir, including algae blooms, operational maintenance, etc.

6. How did we conduct outreach to residents to let them know about PFAS education and these meetings?: Sweetwater Authority conducted outreach to customers by including information about PFAS education and the series of community workshops through customer’s water bills. The information was also shared through Sweetwater Authority’s owned communication channels (eblasts, social media, news articles) and media contacts. We also conducted targeted outreach to key stakeholders, including the school districts in the service area (Sweetwater Union High School, Chula Vista Elementary School and National School Districts), as well as the City of National, City of Chula Vista and County of San Diego (District 1 Office and County Communications Office) asking them to share through their communications channels to broaden engagement efforts. Sweetwater Authority has also posted the workshop presentation and videos of the presentation (presentation only) to the PFAS education webpage and sharing through Sweetwater Authority’s owned communication channels and through the key stakeholders referenced above to ensure those not able to attend a workshop could still receive PFAS education materials.

7. I want to ensure National City and South County residents stay informed. I'm concerned about long-term costs. Will Sweetwater Authority maintain monitoring if EPA funding ends?: At this time, there is no indication that the EPA will rescind the National Primary Drinking Water Standard. Sweetwater Authority is continuing to monitor the political landscape and opportunities for securing available local, state and federal funding to resolve this issue.

8. When and where can we view the video of tonight’s meeting and the presentation tonight?: Sweetwater Authority has established a dedicated webpage, www.sweetwater.org/PFAS. The workshop presentation and videos of the presentation (presentation only) have been posted on the PFAS education page. We also have a dedicated phone and email, where if anyone has questions. This team monitors and prepares responses to the public within 48 working hours.

9. Are you still planning to post a list of questions/answers from each community workshop on the PFAS webpage?: Yes. The questions from the Jan. 28, 2025, Community Advisory Work Group meeting are already available on the PFAS education webpage. We will continue to do the same for each community workshop.

10. Is there a map that shows where water treated from Sweetwater Reservoir is delivered to customers’ tap under normal operating conditions?: We don’t have a recent hydraulic model. Generally speaking, Sweetwater Authority serves Bonita, National City and western Chula Vista. The Perdue Water Treatment Plant located in Spring Valley, is the start of our water system. From Perdue, the water flows by gravity down through the Bonita Valley and then is pumped up to the tanks at the top of the hill and then by gravity flows into Bonita and portions of National City and Chula Vista. The Bonita community receives water exclusively from the Perdue Water Treatment Plant. Water from Perdue that’s flowing into National City or Chula Vista, is either exclusively groundwater or a mixture of surface water and groundwater sources.

11. Is National City drinking water free from PFAS?: There could be a mixture of surface water and ground water in National City, depending on seasonal demands and usage at any given time. National City does have a lot more groundwater than other areas of the system, which means it is less dependent on surface water from Perdue than other communities in the service area.

12. Sweetwater Authority to make capital improvements for long-term treatment. How would these costs be allocated? Would customers be the ones paying for this?: We’re not sure about cost allocation yet. Based on preliminary estimates, we’re likely looking at a capital investment of about $40 million for treatment facility and additional costs for ongoing operations and maintenance of the facility. As we continue to complete additional testing, we’ll be completing financial analysis for what these long-term costs would be and how they’d be administered. This could impact customers’ bills, but Sweetwater Authority would pursue all available local, state and federal grants and funding to offset those impacts.

13. When would Sweetwater Authority have a long-term solution identified?: Sweetwater Authority needs to be in compliance by April 2029. To get to that milestone, Sweetwater Authority needs to: complete a water quality study, analysis, pilot study, design, construction and permitting with the Division of Drinking Water. Concurrently, Sweetwater Authority would continue to look for partnerships and potential funding through local, state and federal elected officials.

14. What are the costs of imported water when compared to the Perdue Water Treatment Plant?: In 2025 rate schedule, rates for imported raw water purchased through the San Diego County Water Authority are priced at $1,500 per acre/foot and would still require treatment, which would add additional cost of around $50-60 per acre/foot. Perdue water is free, but treatment costs about $250 per acre/foot. To purchase imported water, we’d be looking at imported water costs that would still be millions of dollars. That is an option, but it’s an expensive one.

15. What was the most recent water rate increases for San Diego County Water Authority? 30%?: Right now, the San Diego County Water Authority rates don’t heavily impact Sweetwater Authority’s rates and water supply because we don’t purchase imported water often, only when there are events like algae blooms or maintenance when Sweetwater Authority needs to purchase additional imported water. We limit imported water purchases because it is expensive.

16. Customers might get hit with big increases in the future to address this issue.: Sweetwater Authority is dedicated to identifying long-term solutions and financial modeling for those solutions. There are new technologies being analyzed to address this issue.

17. What are the potential treatment options that Sweetwater Authority would consider for long-term removal of PFAS from the water?: There are three main advanced treatment technologies for PFAS removal in drinking water: granulated activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange resins (IX) and reverse osmosis, which are currently considered the best available technologies for PFAS removal in the water industry. The most likely candidates at Perdue would be ion exchange or granulated activated carbon.

18. How many more tests do we have?: The Q2 January 2025 testing result is one of four EPA-required quarterly testing points. The Authority will conduct two more quarterly tests in April 2025 and July 2025 to obtain a full picture of the PFAS levels in the water supply which will give the Authority information to evaluate potential solutions, how we finance, how we treat this.

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Questions from Community Workshop #2 (Chula Vista) on February 13, 2025

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1. Why aren’t these workshops listed on the board meetings calendar?: The Bonita workshop has been posted on the events calendar on the Sweetwater Authority home webpage. The PFAS education team will ensure all future meetings are posted to ensure the public can easily find this information.

2. Will there be a generated graph or map to show changes in PFAS levels over time?: That is a great idea. We will take note of that for future test results.

3. Are there other water agencies in the state and San Diego County that are monitoring for PFAS in surface water?: Sweetwater Authority’s water supply is unique in that most of the water in the service area is supplied by “surface water”. PFAS has been primarily studied in groundwater, but surface water monitoring is increasing. In San Diego County, Sweetwater Authority is the only agency currently conducting this level of PFAS monitoring for surface water. Other areas in California, such as the Inland Empire and Orange County, have detected PFAS in groundwater.

4. How does the EPA's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) affect PFAS testing? Have other water agencies started this testing yet?: The EPA’s UCMR rule requires large water agencies like Sweetwater Authority to conduct monitoring for PFAS between 2023 and 2025. Some agencies have not started monitoring yet but will be required to do so under the EPA’s new regulations in 2027. More data on this will become available over time as more agencies begin their monitoring efforts.

5. Does Sweetwater Authority collaborate with other water agencies to share testing methods and best practices?: Yes, Sweetwater Authority does communicate with other agencies to share best practices and testing methodologies and attends trade conferences where PFAS treatment and solutions are discussed.

6. Do Sweetwater Authority board members have knowledge of PFAS testing results and the confirmation sample for the Q2 data?: Yes. Sweetwater Authority leadership provides Board members with regular updates on PFAS testing results as they become available.

7. Can you explain the slight variations in PFAS concentration levels between different sampling events between October 2024 and February 2025?: Variations in PFAS levels in the testing events are common and could be attributed to seasonal changes like weather or environmental factors. These fluctuations in the testing results emphasize the importance of Sweetwater Authority obtaining two additional test results (Q3 and Q4 2025). This will provide Sweetwater Authority with the complete set of annual test results needed to accurately identify PFAS treatment and mitigation solutions.

8. If blending is used as a mitigation measure, where does the additional water come from? Where does the blending occur?: If blending were used, we would purchase water from the San Diego County Water Authority and blend it with water from the Sweetwater Reservoir and send it to the Perdue Water Treatment Plant and distribute to customers in the service area. The blending process would occur in underground pipes coming from Sweetwater Reservoir, immediately before the treatment process begins at Perdue Water Treatment Plant.

9. Does Sweetwater Authority have an epidemiologist advising on PFAS water safety?: No, we do not have an epidemiologist on staff. However, we follow guidance from regulatory agencies, including the EPA, regarding water safety.

10. Who has the final say on the PFAS education materials provided to the public?: Educational materials are developed and approved by the Sweetwater Authority PFAS education team, which consists of the agency leadership, water resources, public affairs and our third-party outreach consultants. There is no single individual responsible for final approval.

11. What actions could community members take to minimize exposure to PFAS? What home filtration options are available for community members concerned about PFAS exposure?: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides guidance on steps you can take to reduce PFAS risk and provides recommendations for home filtration systems that can reduce PFAS levels. We recommend referring to the EPA’s website for a list of NSF-certified products that meet recommended standards.

12. How often will Sweetwater Authority be testing for PFAS?: Sweetwater Authority is required to test quarterly. Our next tests are anticipated in April 2025 (Q3) and July 2025 (Q4).

13. How soon will the public be made aware of the testing results? ?How will future community updates be provided if quarterly workshops are not held?: Sweetwater Authority is committed to sharing testing results as quickly as possible after they’re received from the laboratory. The team just received Q2 confirmation test data from the lab today. That information has been included in the presentation for the workshop this evening. For our future testing results for Q3 and Q4, we will continue to share information through water bills, information on the PFAS education webpage, update Frequently Asked Questions, distribute eblasts to our PFAS education list and post on social media to keep the community informed.

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Questions from Community Workshop #3 (Bonita): February 19, 2025

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1. Do water levels at Sweetwater Reservoir affect PFAS readings?: This plant is located in Spring Valley at Sweetwater Reservoir. Learn more about the plant here: https://www.sweetwater.org/254/Perdue-Water-Treatment-Plant

2. Where is the Perdue Water Treatment Plant located?: This plant is located in Spring Valley at Sweetwater Reservoir. Learn more about the plant here: https://www.sweetwater.org/254/Perdue-Water-Treatment-Plant

3. Is there a protocol for how samples are taken?: Sampling for PFAS must be conducted with extreme care due to its persistence in the environment. In California, laboratory staff undergo extensive training to follow strict protocols to avoid false positives. Factors such as recent gasoline handling, new clothing, and personal care products like makeup and deodorant must be avoided while conducting PFAS testing. Quality control measures, including field reagent blanks, help distinguish between true environmental contamination and external interference. These protocols ensure accurate detection, as PFAS levels are extremely low.

4. What's the long-term treatment solution you're looking at?: There are three main best available technologies (BATs) for removing PFAS in the drinking water industry. One method is reverse osmosis, which our groundwater desalination facility already uses; this, provides effective protection against PFAS. However, our surface water plant does not currently have PFAS-specific treatment. The most likely technology for that facility would be ion exchange or granular activated carbon. These methods are widely recognized for their effectiveness in PFAS removal.

5. What is considered safe? When is the water considered dangerous?

Customers may have concerns about water safety and personal water use and minimizing PFAS risk, after hearing about the updated testing results. Sweetwater Authority takes guidance from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for determining safety in drinking water. They have developed resources for ways to reduce PFAS risk. If customers decide to purchase water filters for drinking water, the EPA has developed recommendations in their latest fact sheet. Tips include:

Look for filters that specifically remove PFAS through reverse osmosis or activated carbon filters.
Check the labels for NSF/ANSI Standard 53 and 58 certifications
Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for installation and regular filter replacement to ensure optimal performance.

6. Do you test all the way to the tap in customers' homes?: The EPA monitoring rules are very specific. For UCMR and the National Primary Drinking Water regulations, sampling is required at the entry point to the distribution system—where treated water leaves the facility and enters the supply to customers.

7. Is this the highest it ever has been?: The data shared at recent public meetings this year are the highest levels we have documented. Testing for PFAS at the reservoir was only required starting in October 2024. Prior to that, monitoring orders were only for groundwater. In January 2025, the state amended the statewide monitoring order to include the raw water from Sweetwater Reservoir. Going forward, we will be monitoring the raw water and treated water on a quarterly basis.

8. If the EPA changes its monitoring requirements, will the California monitoring requirements be revised?: California has the authority to adopt EPA standards as they are or make them stricter, but Sweetwater Water Authority cannot predict what the state will decide. As the primacy agency, California regulates drinking water standards and can choose to go beyond federal requirements.

9. How do our levels compare to San Diego? How about other cities in California?

You can compare our levels to those in San Diego and other cities using the following resources:

EPA’s UCMR-5 Database: This national database includes test results for unregulated contaminants, allowing you to see how our detections compare to those reported in San Diego and other water systems.
California’s GeoTracker PFAS Map: This state resource tracks contaminant detections under monitoring orders, including data from our wells. It provides a way to compare our levels with those found in other parts of the state.

10. Will you wait until the April 2029 deadline to reach compliance, or might compliance happen before then?: The situation and regulatory environment is very dynamic; however Sweetwater Authority is committed to acting swiftly and decisively once all data has been collected and analyzed as well as keeping customers informed every step of the way.

11. Is Sweetwater Water Authority part of a class action settlement? If so, will that settlement go towards a treatment plant?: Sweetwater Water Authority is part of a class action settlement has been reached with four manufacturers involved. However, the total settlement amount has not yet been determined. While there is a settlement figure, the exact amount each entity will receive remains unclear. It is expected to be only a fraction of the actual costs of mitigating the substance. Once the final settlement details are available, the information will be presented to the board, and if funds are received, they will be allocated toward mitigation efforts. This issue is of statewide interest, and legislation is being proposed—though not yet introduced—at the state level to establish a PFAS mitigation plan.

12. What technologies exist to mitigate PFAS?: Currently, the three best available technologies are granular activated carbon, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. While there are ongoing research efforts into novel filtration methods, such as destructive technologies for PFAS, these are still in the experimental stage and not yet available for full-scale treatment facilities. At this time, there is no new technology that can be implemented at a large treatment plant capable of processing up to 30 million gallons per day.

13. Is there any way for homeowners to have water tested at their home?: Sweetwater Water Authority does not conduct tests at customers' homes; however, homeowners wishing to test their tap water may contact state environmental or health agency for detailed advice or to obtain a list of state-certified laboratories using EPA-developed testing methods in drinking water. The National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Management System website may also be helpful in finding a laboratory to test for PFAS.

14. Will a treatment plant for PFAS also treat mineral content?: No, it won't be designed to remove minerals.

15. Does boiling get rid of PFAS?: No, boiling water does not remove PFAS, and it can actually concentrate PFAS as the water evaporates.

16. Is it safe to swim in pool water? What about showering or washing dishes?: According to the EPA, studies have shown that only a small amount of PFAS can get into your body through your skin. Therefore, showering, bathing and washing dishes with water containing PFAS are unlikely to significantly increase your risk.

17. How can I stay informed?: Visit our PFAS education webpage at www.sweetwater.org/PFAS. We are posting all meeting presentations, questions/answers from each meeting, video recordings and other materials to this page. Sign up for emails related to our ongoing PFAS outreach program at PFAS@sweetwater.org. We will be continuing our engagement with our customers and stakeholders as this topic progresses, including notifying our PFAS interest list regarding board discussion on the topic.

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Reservoir Levels & Spills FAQs

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1. When will Loveland and/or Sweetwater Reservoir spill?: It depends on the intensity of the storms and the amount of runoff generated.

2. Will Sweetwater Authority release any water prior to a spill?: If the water level at either Loveland Reservoir or Sweetwater Reservoir is high enough that a spill is likely, Sweetwater Authority may perform a controlled release of water through the emergency outlets to avoid an uncontrolled spill, in order to reduce flooding issues downstream. Sweetwater Authority also periodically performs controlled transfers of water from Loveland Reservoir to Sweetwater Reservoir through the Sweetwater River channel to secure additional water supply for customers.

3. How large is the Sweetwater watershed?: The Sweetwater watershed encompasses 230-square miles, and stretches from the Cleveland National Forest to the San Diego Bay. 2/3s of the watershed is above Loveland Reservoir.

4. Are the dams safe?: Both dams are structurally sound, and are frequently inspected by dam safety experts.

5. Who or what is impacted by the reservoirs' spilling?: Mostly golf courses and parks. Portions of Rancho San Diego, Chula Vista, Spring Valley and Bonita that are prone to flooding may be impacted.

6. When was the last time the reservoirs spilled?: Sweetwater Reservoir last spilled in 1998. Loveland Reservoir last spilled in 2011.

7. What is the distance between Loveland Reservoir and Sweetwater Reservoir?: The distance between Loveland Reservoir and Sweetwater Reservoir is 17 miles.

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Questions from Community Advisory Work Group – Jan. 28, 2025

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Questions from Community Workshop #1 (National City) on February 3, 2025

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Questions from Community Workshop #2 (Chula Vista) on February 13, 2025

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Questions from Community Workshop #3 (Bonita): February 19, 2025

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▼ Questions from Community Advisory Work Group – Jan. 28, 2025

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▼ Reservoir Levels & Spills FAQs

Live Edit

▼
About PFAS and Water Quality

▼
Capacity Fee FAQs

▼
Color & Odor of Water FAQs

▼
Development FAQs

▼
Educación sobre PFAS

▼
Edukasyon ng PFAS

▼
EPA and Updated Testing Requirements

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Financial Impacts

▼
Fishing & Recreation FAQs

▼
Floating Solar Project FAQs

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Health and Safety

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PFAS Long-Term Solutions

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Public Engagement & Outreach

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Questions from Community Advisory Work Group – Jan. 28, 2025

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Questions from Community Workshop #1 (National City) on February 3, 2025

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Questions from Community Workshop #2 (Chula Vista) on February 13, 2025

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Questions from Community Workshop #3 (Bonita): February 19, 2025

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Reservoir Levels & Spills FAQs